{"id":5278,"date":"2024-04-12T22:18:12","date_gmt":"2024-04-12T22:18:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/farmworkermovement-csun.org\/?page_id=5278"},"modified":"2024-04-28T17:01:31","modified_gmt":"2024-04-28T17:01:31","slug":"international-incident-in-roma-texas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/farmworkermovement-csun.org\/es\/international-incident-in-roma-texas\/","title":{"rendered":"Timeline: [36] International Incident in Roma, Texas (October 24, 1966)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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International Incident in Roma, Texas<\/h1>\n

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International Incident in Roma, Texas<\/h1>\n

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Mexican workers travel standing in the back of a truck while being transported from Mexico to a farm in Texas. South Texas, 1966. Photo by Emmon Clarke.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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On October 24, 1966, twelve National Farm Workers Association strikers were arrested for blockading the International Bridge between Roma, Texas, and Ciudad Miguel Alem\u00e1n, Mexico to prevent growers from bringing in Mexican workers. The strikers were protesting the harsh working conditions of farmworkers and demanding higher wages. The blockade lasted six hours, successfully halting the traffic of the growers bringing in the strikebreakers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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The event made national headlines, bringing attention to the farmworker struggles in Texas. The arrested strikers and organizers were Eugene Nelson (fined $25), Bill Chandler (fined $25), Tony Orend\u00e1in (fined $25), Librado de la Cruz, Reynaldo de la Cruz, Mario Vera, Reyes Alaniz, Domingo Arredondo, Rodrigo Gareia, Guillermo de la Cruz, Dar\u00eda Vera, and Irene Ramos Chandler (all acquited). The men were first detained, and Irene Ramos and Dar\u00eda Vera were arrested later after lying on the ground wrapped in a banner with the union symbol and the words “Ay\u00fadanos Virgen de Guadalupe” (Help us Virgin of Guadalupe). Ramos and Vera were dragged off the bridge and sent to jail for disturbing the peace. Texas melon pickers started their strike on June 1 demanding higher wages. Wages were often as low as 40-60 cents an hour. After a 400-mile march from Rio Grande City to Austin from July 4 to Labor Day, September 5. La Casita Farms, the largest melon grower, raised wages from 85 cents to $1.00 but refused to meet the workers\u2019 demands for $1.25 and a contract recognizing their union.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bill Chandler, a United Farmworkers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) organizer arrested in Roma, Texas, stands in front of brick building. R\u00edo Grande City, Texas, 1966. Photo by Emmon Clarke.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Pancho Medrano, Rafael Trevino, Dar\u00eda Vera at UFWOC headquarters, R\u00edo Grande City, 1967<\/h6>\n

Pancho Medrano (with a hat), Rafael Trevi\u00f1o (with white hair), Dar\u00eda Vera, and an unidentified man stand in front of the UFWOC headquarters. On October 24, Vera\u2014a Texan organizer\u2014and Irene Ramos Chandler from California laid down on the bridge to block the trucks with strikebreaking Mexican workers at the international bridge in Roma, Texas. R\u00edo Grande City, Texas, 1966. Photo by Emmon Clarke.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”http:\/\/farmworkermovement-csun.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/96.01.EC_.N35.B1.12.122.16A-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D22030″ background_enable_color=”on” link_option_url=”https:\/\/cdm17169.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/FMC\/id\/1433\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Tony Orend\u00e1in talking to a woman, R\u00edo Grande City, Texas, 1967<\/h6>\n

Tony Orend\u00e1in, a United Farmworkers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) leader and organizer arrested in Roma, Texas, talks with a woman who is taking notes. R\u00edo Grande City, Texas, 1966. Photo by Emmon Clarke.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”http:\/\/farmworkermovement-csun.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/96.01.EC_.N35.B1.10.99.27A-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#D22030″ background_enable_color=”on” link_option_url=”https:\/\/cdm17169.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/FMC\/id\/1920\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Three-year old Carmen Ramos Chandler picketing against her mother’s arrest, Texas, ca. 1966<\/h6>\n

Three-year-old Carmen Ramos Chandler\u2014daughter of Irene Ramos and Bill Chandler who were arrested in Roma, Texas\u2014cries while holding a sign that reads, “I want my mommy.” Her image appeared on the front page of El Malcriado on December 16, 1966. South Texas, 1966. Photo by Emmon Clarke.<\/p>\n

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Title\u00a0<\/span>IX<\/abbr><\/a><\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

International Incident in Roma, TexasInternational Incident in Roma, TexasMexican workers travel standing in the back of a truck while being transported from Mexico to a farm in Texas. South Texas, 1966. Photo by Emmon Clarke.On October 24, 1966, twelve National Farm Workers Association strikers were arrested for blockading the International Bridge between Roma, Texas, and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"

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Union Contract in Florida<\/h1>

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Union Contract in Florida<\/h1>

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_3,2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"12px||0px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p>

UFW organizer Mack Lyons, other organizers, volunteers and farm workers walk next to Minute Maid buses, Florida, 1972.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

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In the late 1960s, effective boycotts led by the United Farm Worker (UFW) inspired Florida workers to unionize. In 1971, UFW volunteers enlisted 75% of Minute Maid's Florida workers, a company owned by Coca-Cola. Following an election, the UFW became the union for Coca-Cola Minute Maid workers, leading to a groundbreaking three-year agreement in 1972. Despite modest resources, Manuel Ch\u00e1vez and Jerry Cohen negotiated a historic contract between Black, Mexican American, and white farm workers and the state's largest citrus producer, marking Florida's first citrus worker contract. The agreement held historical relevance not only for the UFW but also for the U.S. South. Earlier efforts by citrus workers affiliated under the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in the 1930s and 1940s had only led to minor pay improvements and, in some cases, to Ku Klux Klan backlash.<\/span><\/p>

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_image src=\"http:\/\/farmworkermovement-csun.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/17.41.JK_.N35.B9.04.02.04.png\" alt=\"UFW organizers Mack Lyons and Walter Williams attend a meeting at the union field office in Avon Park, Florida, 1972. Photo by John Kouns. Los organizadores de la UFW, Mack Lyons y Walter Williams, asisten a una reuni\u00f3n en la oficina local del sindicato en Avon Park, Florida, 1972. Foto de John Kouns.\" title_text=\"UFW organizers Mack Lyons and Walter Williams attend a meeting at the union field office in Avon Park, Florida, 1972.\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_fullwidth_image][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"12px||0px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.21.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_font_size=\"20px\" text_line_height=\"1.6em\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p>

By 1972, when the UFW contract was established, Florida\u2019s agricultural system still echoed the legacy of plantation-era slavery. Farmers owned the land and contracted crew leaders who managed groups of workers, often subjecting them to debt and limited options. \u201cFlorida\u2019s modern agriculture\u2014wrote UFW member Roberta \u201cRobbie\u201d Jaffe in an essay for the Farmworker Movement Documentation Project of the University of California, San Diego\u2014was still rooted in the culture of plantation days\u2019 slavery.\u201d The UFW contract dismantled the crew leader system. Aside from improving wages and benefits, it introduced hiring halls which were crucial in restoring workers\u2019 control over hiring practices.<\/span><\/p>

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UFW organizers Mack Lyons and Walter Williams attend a meeting at the union field office in Avon Park, Florida, 1972. <\/em><\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

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UFW organizers Dianna Lyons, Mack Lyons, and their son Rick Lyons at the union office, Haines City, Florida, 1972. <\/em><\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

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The UFW office in Florida was a former funeral parlor in Avon Park and it became a hiring hall and a service center where Mack and Diana Lyons administered the contract. In 1973, recognizing the significance of hiring halls for farm worker empowerment, growers lobbied for a \"right to work\" bill to revive the crew leader system. UFW organizers went to Tallahassee to oppose the bill. During a hearing, farm workers like Theodore Johnson testified before the Sub-committee, recounting their captivity under their crew leaders. Ultimately, the bill was defeated. In 1975, renewing the Coca-Cola contract met obstacles, strikes were impractical due to replacement workers and limited funds, and boycott threats had lost credibility, leading the UFW to organize smaller protests, fasts, and sit-ins. Coca-Cola eventually renewed the contract in November, and in 1976 Mack and Diana returned to Sacramento to support California's labor legislation.<\/span><\/p>

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Tom & Ethel Bradley Center
California State University, Northridge<\/span>
18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330<\/span>
Phone:\u00a0(818) 677-1200<\/a><\/span>\u00a0\/\u00a0Contact Us<\/a><\/span><\/p>

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Title\u00a0IX<\/abbr><\/a><\/p>

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